PSA’s vision for a smarter and more resilient port ecosystem

What are the biggest lessons you’ve learned from deploying automated terminal solutions at your flagship ports in Singapore and Antwerp?

 We have found that solutions must be tailored to our operational context. In Singapore, where PSA operates the world’s largest automated container terminal at Tuas Port, we are diving deeply into solutions to enhance and implement vessel-side automation, with challenges remaining in lashing and unlashing requirements, which necessitate human-in-the-loop systems.

To navigate these complexities, PSA is adopting a phased approach in Singapore, starting with proven technologies such as Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and automated yard cranes, while continuing research and development into quay crane automation in collaboration with likeminded partners such as NTU and ZPMC.

Our journey began with proof-of-concept trials in controlled environments to validate technologies and refine safety protocols before scaling up. Change management has been pivotal, ensuring that our workforce is not only equipped with the right skills but also aligned with the broader transformation agenda.

Crucially, automation must be driven by sound operational concepts and clear business imperatives and not pursued for its own sake. To support terminals newer to automation, PSA has developed comprehensive blueprints and playbooks that serve as practical implementation guides.

As emerging technologies such as autonomous driving and embodied AI gain traction, continuous workforce upskilling becomes essential. At the same time, the growing availability of operational data is enabling a shift from scheduled to predictive maintenance, further enhancing efficiency and resilience.

What are some of the key technologies driving your next-generation terminal operations under PSAT 4.0?

PSAT 4.0 is PSA’s enhanced technology blueprint, spanning five families: Port, Marine, Data, Digital, and Sustainability Technologies. It integrates autonomous horizontal transport (AHT), robotic process automation, AI, blockchain, and energy optimisation systems to support smart engineering, machine-augmented workforces, and sustainable infrastructure.

Key technologies include:

• Autonomous prime movers (aPMs) and automated empty container handlers (aECHs)
• Equipment electrification and charging (battery swapping, fast charging)
• Battery and energy storage systems and technologies
• Hydrogen and solar energy
• Fleet management systems
• Remote and automated quay cranes
• Robotics and embodied AI for stevedoring activities and labor-intensive tasks

How is PSA leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to optimise port and terminal efficiency?

AI and Machine Learning (ML) are embedded across PSA’s operations from predictive maintenance to intelligent berth planning and container stacking. Our fleet management systems use AI to optimise AHT routing and reduce idle time. We’re also exploring embodied AI for mobile robotics in vessel lashing/unlashing to improve safety and turnaround.

PSA employs AI and ML to support intelligent trip planning for Singapore’s haulier community, improving asset utilisation and reducing emissions. It also optimised operating costs by eliminating various operational inefficiencies. AI also enables anomaly detection in crane equipment and components, allowing proactive maintenance that enhances reliability, high operational service levels and maximises asset lifespan.

What role does Internet of Things (IoT) devices play in enabling real-time visibility, predictive maintenance, or cargo tracking at your terminals?

At PSA, Internet of Things (IoT) devices form the backbone of our digital twin infrastructure, enabling enhanced operational intelligence and resilience. These devices deliver real-time telemetry from cranes, vehicles, and yard equipment, supporting predictive analytics and condition-based maintenance. This proactive approach reduces unplanned downtime, enhances safety, and improves overall system reliability.

By seamlessly integrating physical infrastructure with digital systems, IoT devices continuously collect and transmit high-resolution data both streaming and batch. This data provides real-time visibility into asset performance, facilitates timely decision-making, and supports continuous operational optimisation.

Beyond equipment monitoring, IoT also plays a critical role in cargo tracking and workflow orchestration. The insights derived from these devices empower PSA to anticipate maintenance needs, optimise resource deployment, and respond swiftly to dynamic operational demands.

 Together, these capabilities form a robust, data-driven foundation that supports PSA’s vision of a smarter, more agile port ecosystem.

Data is the new fuel for digital transformation. How does PSA ensure meaningful use of data analytics across port operations while maintaining cybersecurity and data integrity?

PSA has established a secure and resilient digital ecosystem anchored in robust data governance, encryption protocols, and stringent access controls. At the heart of this ecosystem is our Control Tower architecture, which integrates data from diverse sources to enable real-time visibility and operational decision-making while ensuring full compliance with cybersecurity standards.

To embed data-driven thinking across the organisation, PSA adopts a multi-pronged approach. Through PSA University and our in-house data experts, we deliver targeted training programmes that build analytical capabilities and foster a culture of evidence-based decision-making. This is complemented by the expertise of our resident data practitioners, who guide teams in applying data insights to real-world challenges 

Data access is democratised through enterprise-wide platforms such as the Big Data Platform, Automated Machine Learning tools, and Business Intelligence (BI) dashboards. These tools empower employees at all levels to explore, analyse, and act on data, driving innovation and continuous improvement across operations. 

All these efforts are underpinned by PSA’s comprehensive data governance framework, as outlined in the PSA Group Data Governance Standards. This framework defines clear roles for Data Councils and Custodians, enforces compliance with internal policies and external regulations, and ensures data integrity, quality, and lifecycle management across business units. 

Together, these initiatives form a cohesive strategy that not only safeguards PSA’s digital assets but also unlocks the full potential of data as a strategic enabler for operational excellence and innovation.

How does digitalisation enhance PSA’s ability to respond to cargo demand fluctuations, geopolitical disruptions, or other operational risks?

Digitalisation plays a pivotal role in realising PSA’s Node to Network strategy and strengthening our ability to navigate cargo demand fluctuations, geopolitical uncertainties, and operational risks. Through a combination of advanced technologies and integrated platforms, PSA has built a responsive and resilient port ecosystem.

 AI-powered forecasting and scenario modeling tools enable PSA to anticipate demand shifts and simulate disruption scenarios. This allows for proactive planning and dynamic resource reallocation in response to vessel delays, cargo surges, or geopolitical events.

Digital platforms provide end-to-end visibility across the supply chain. By integrating data from terminals, warehouses, and customs nodes, PSA enables real-time monitoring, and optimised routing, critical capabilities during times of disruption.

Operational agility is further supported by dynamic job allocation and resource pooling, allowing PSA to flexibly manage manpower and equipment in response to fluctuating cargo volumes. To protect its digital infrastructure, PSA has implemented cybersecurity frameworks in the face of rising cyber threats.

How do collaborations with startups, accelerators, and institutions (such as the Dock and NIDLP) help you stay ahead of the technology curve?

PSA Ventures’ collaboration with startups, accelerators and research institutions is a vital part of how PSA as a whole stay agile and future-ready. These partnerships allow us to tap into fresh thinking by exploring emerging technologies and test new ideas in real-world scenarios. For example, our engagements with funds and government entities, such as the National Industrial Development and Logistics Program (NIDLP) in Saudi Arabia, give us the opportunity to test-bed and develop cutting-edge solutions in areas such as autonomous transport, robotics, enhanced human capital management and supply chain data integration. They enable us to plug into global innovation ecosystems and co-create solutions that address real-world port and supply chain challenges.

Most importantly, these varied partnerships support our ambition to future-proof not only the overall supply chain, but the maritime industry as well. As global shipping decarbonises and supply chains become more data-driven, we see ourselves playing a catalytic role in shaping how the next-generation maritime network functions across end-to-end trade corridors.

How is PSA integrating clean energy technologies into its automated port operations? What role will alternative fuels (like hydrogen or ammonia) and electrified infrastructure play in the future PSA terminal ecosystem?

PSA is embedding clean energy technologies at the heart of its automated port operations to drive decarbonisation, enhance operational resilience, and future-proof its terminal ecosystem.

A significant portion of PSA’s container-handling equipment such as quay side cranes, automated yard cranes and AGVs are already electric-powered. PSA is now progressively transitioning its fleet of internal combustion engine (ICE) prime movers to fully electric variants. This shift is supported by the development of a robust charging infrastructure, including fast-charging systems and battery-swapping facilities, to ensure seamless operations. 

Looking ahead, PSA’s decarbonisation roadmap includes the adoption of alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia to support a low-carbon terminal ecosystem. As part of this strategy, pilot projects are already underway to establish a hydrogen ecosystem. These include the development of a hydrogen refuelling station and the deployment of hydrogen fuel cell prime movers.

The hydrogen-powered prime mover is currently being tested for both operational performance and reliability. These trials are critical in validating hydrogen as a viable low-carbon pathway for decarbonising PSA’s fleet. Together, these initiatives lay the groundwork for potentially integrating hydrogen into PSA’s broader clean energy infrastructure, reinforcing our commitment to sustainable and future-ready port operations.

What do you see as the biggest disruptors on the technology horizon for the port and logistics sector over the next 5–10 years?

Over the next decade, the port and logistics sector will undergo transformative change driven by the convergence of advanced technologies and sustainable energy solutions. PSA is at the forefront of this evolution, with several key disruptors shaping the future terminal ecosystem:

1. Artificial Intelligence and Embodied Robotics

AI is already reshaping port operations through predictive analytics, automation, and real-time decision-making. The rise of embodied AI, where intelligence is embedded in physical systems, will enable autonomous cranes, vehicles, and inspection robots, significantly enhancing efficiency and safety.

2. Autonomous Vessel Handling and Blockchain

Technologies such as automated mooring, berthing systems, and blockchain-enabled trade platforms will streamline vessel turnaround and cargo documentation, improve transparency and reduce friction across global supply chains.

3. Clean Energy and Sustainable Fuels

The shift to low-carbon fuels like hydrogen and ammonia will be a major disruptor. PSA is piloting hydrogen fuel cell-powered prime movers and developing supporting infrastructure such as refuelling stations, laying the foundation for a green fuel ecosystem.

4. Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs)

In the longer term, SMRs could provide stable, carbon-free power for 24/7 port operations, offering a scalable solution to meet future energy demands while supporting net-zero targets.

If you had to name one “game-changing” technology that will define the port of the future, what would it be and why? What advice would you offer to global ports that are just beginning their automation and digital transformation journey?

Autonomous horizontal transport (AHT) is a game-changer. It enables scalable, safe, and efficient container movement. For ports starting out, we recommend investing in foundational digital infrastructure, adopting a test-and-learn approach, and fostering ecosystem partnerships.

Embodied AI also holds promise for solving last-mile automation challenges in stevedoring and vessel operations.